Migration and displacement

This research explored the interaction between economic and socio-cultural drivers of labour migrations and the experiences of work and living in different cities using a gender lens. The research was conducted in Erbil in Kurdistan, Beirut in Lebanon, Islamabad in Pakistan and Istanbul in Turkey.

The project conducted a semi systematic literature review of how gender is described in humanitarian discourses, including by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), other UN agency reports, national government reports, and NGO reports over a twenty-year period. A survey of displaced populations in all focus countries was conducted. The survey aimed to better understand how gender features in their lives and how it structures their experiences as well as respondents’ current living conditions, finances, asset ownership, safety and security concerns, access to services, social networks and relationship with other and the host community, and water, sanitation and hygiene issues they face.

It is difficult to translate global discourse on displacement from key actors, such as the UN, into national and subnational contexts, and then marry this up with developments on the ground. For example, at the international level Sri Lanka appears to be putting proactive policies in place that are aware of gender realities, but how local laws and policies reflect these priorities is unclear. This damaging gaps between rhetoric and action is built upon the assumptions that high level discourse is both indicative of forthcoming policy and that is drives decisions, but this is not the case on the ground.

Across all contexts there are profound differences in terms of health and education by gender amongst displaced groups. People of all genders lose human and social capital as a result of displacement. However, these effects are further magnified for women on the basis of gender, particularly when it comes to education.

Displacement accelerates existing gender inequalities and vulnerabilities and, in some contexts, precipitates early marriage. There are vast differences between male and female participants at the time of their marriage, in particular in Afghanistan as evidenced in the surveys. Among girls in Afghanistan, early marriage remains a significant reason for dropping out of school.

Across all contexts displacement compromises health and sanitation, access to clean water and reproductive health. There are clear and consistent challenges in accessing sufficient healthcare, food and water, although certain populations struggled more than others, such as those living in rural areas. In Afghanistan, participants record that most income is spent on food and that they often needed loans. Further, only 22% of female respondents have access to sanitary towels, with most using cloth. This is especially problematic given the lack of access to clear water.